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| Maronite nation |
| Syriac - Marunôye Arabic - Mawarinah |
circa(ca.)-about
BCE-Before Current Era
BC-Before Christ
Greek-terms AD - Anno Domini-(Latin: In the Year of Our Lord)
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Greek-terms AD - Anno Domini-(Latin: In the Year of Our Lord)
Keyboard Layouts
| Early History | |
| Antiquity - 600 BC | |
| Brief Outline of Early History |  |
| The region of Lebanon has been inhabited for more than 200,000 years - (ÝÌÑ ÇáÊÇÑíÎ) |
| ca. 10000 BC - First traces of coastal settlements. (ÝÌÑ ÇáÍÖÇÑÉ) |
Canaanites names of Town and Cities.
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| Phoenician and Canaanites refer to the same culture? |
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alphabet
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Semite & Semetics?
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| 2000 BC - Invasion by the Amorites, from the east. |
| 1800 BC - City states of Phoenicia become vassals under Egypt. |
| 1100 BC - Egypt looses its control over Phoenicia. Tyre becomes the leading city state. |
| 867 BC - Phoenicia is subjugated by Assyria. |
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| Early History |
| 600 BC - 500 BC |
| History of Antioch |
667 BC - the legendary Byzas from the Greek city of Megara, after consulting the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, founded the seaport of Byzantium at the entrance of the Black Sea. |
| 612 BC - Phoenicia Breaks away from Assyrian control. |
| 590 BC - Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylonia conquers most of Phoenicia. Tyre resists. |
| 539 BC - Phoenicia is conquered by Persia. |
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| Early History |
| 300 BC - 200 BC |
| History of Antioch |
| 333 BC - Phoenicia is conquered by Alexander. A siege of Tyre begins. |
| 332 BC - After 7 month of siege, Tyre gives in. 2,000 men are crucified, 30,000 are sold as prisoners. |
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The Greek writings of Libanius (famous writer of Antioch) give us a vast amount of information about the city’s history. |
| It is more believable that: 301 BC - Seleukos Nicator (King of Syria) - a general of Alexander the Great, discovered Antioch |
| Legend has it that in 333 BC, Alexander the Great drank the water of one of Antioch's local springs and declared it was sweeter than his mother's milk. |
| 300 BC - Antioch, like fifteen other cities founded by Seleukos, is named in honor of Seleukos’ father, Antiochus. |
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| Roman Period |
| 100 BC - 0 AD |
| History of Antioch |
| 65 BC - The rule of the Antiochene monarchs terminated. |
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64 BC - As the Seleucid dynasty declined, Rome
eventually occupied Antioch making Antioch a free city and the capital
of the Roman province of Syria. Antioch was therefore, built up in this time and would continue to benefit in the future from trade and the arrival of Christianity. |
| At this point Antioch was revered as “Queen of the East” because it was the third leading city of the Roman province of Syria. |
| Antioch became one of the most important trade routes between the East and the Greco-Roman world |
| 0 AD - The birth of Christ. |
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| Roman Period |
| 0 AD - 100 AD |
| History of Antioch |
| After the Roman influence, Christianity became the most important factor in shaping the life and culture
of Antioch. Upon the arrival of Christianity, Antioch’s population consisted of 500,000 people. |
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| Roman Period |
| 300 AD - 400 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 330 BC - The pro-Christian Roman emperor Constantine I dedicates the city of Constantinople (in Greek "the city of Constantine"), established on the site of the Greek city Byzantium, as the new capital of the Roman Empire. |
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| Roman Period |
| 400 AD - 500 AD |
| Maronite History |
 
410 AD -
Mar Marún died.
Monastery
of St. Maron
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| 440 AD - "Historia Religiosa", written by Theodoret of Cyrrhus around 440 A.D. is our only source on St. Maroun’s biography |
| 451 AD - at the Council of Chalcedon, they held to the clear teaching that Christ was both God and man, having two natures, one divine and one human. |
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Afterwards the Maronites were loyal
defenders of the decrees of the Council.
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In the upshot, the opponents of Chalcedon showed themselves
bitter enemies of the Maronites, who started moving
to Lebanon in successive waves after 350 of them had been martyred. (350 Martyrs)
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Near the end of the fifth century, the inhabitants of
Mount Lebanon had been converted by the disciples of St. Maron and had become Maronites themselves.
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| Roman Period |
| 500 AD - 600 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 518 AD - the Patriarch of Antioch, Severius, was deposed. Paul a Catholic Patriarch succeeded Severius, not all the Christians approved his appointment, the Church split into two groups: the Chalcedonians and the anti-Chalcedonians. Every since that time, there has always been a Catholic Patriarch holding to the faith as defined at Chalcedon and a non-Catholic Patriarch rejecting it. |
| 538 AD - Antioch was sacked by the Persian king Chosroes I and never recovered its former glory. |
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| Roman Period |
| 600 AD - 700 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 635 AD - The death of Mohammed. |
| 637 AD - Arab conquest begins. Lebanon resists, the mountain is not conquered. |
| 639 BC - Muslim armies conquer the southern territories of the Byzantine Empire (Syria, the Holy Land, Egypt, and Jordan). |
| A century later, another division affected the Church of Antioch, leaving three groups of Christians, the
Syriacs, the Maronites, and the
Melkites, and this division has continued down to the present day.
As from the seventh century, we find that the original Church had given rise to five district communities,
the Melkites, the Maronites, the Syriacs, the Assyrians, and the Armenians, each of
which had its own Patriarch. In the twelfth century yet another Patriarch was added in the person of the Latin
Patriarch.
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687 AD - John Marún became Patriarch of Antioch (first Patriarch).
The Formation of the Maronite Patriarchate.
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694 AD -
Emperor Justinian II (Rhinotmeteus) attacks the Maronites, The monastry of St. Maro is destroyed, 500 monks are executed and marched over the mountain toward Tripoli (Lebanon) to complete their conquest. But the Maronites win a decisive victory at Amioun, in Mount Lebanon.
They are to be identified with the Maradaïte, who, in the Lebanon, on the frontier of the Empire, succefully struggled with the Byzantines and the Arabs. |
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| Roman Period |
| 700 AD - 800 AD |
| The Crusades |
707 AD -
Yúhanna (John) Marún died.
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| 749 AD - Mar Mammas in Ehden. It is the oldest known Maronite establishment in Lebanon. |
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| Roman Period |
| 800 AD - 900 AD |
| The Crusades |
| 8th Century - the first group of Maronites immigrated to Cyprus simultaneously with the Maronite migration to Lebanon from the ancient territories of Syria, the Holy Land. This exodus was caused mainly by the Islamic conquest and the inter-Christian rivalries between the Jacobites and the Byzantines, which inflicted violence against the Maronites. [[Maronites in Cyprus]] |
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| Roman Period |
| 900 AD - 1000 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 938 AD - Destruction of Saint Maron's Monastery on the Orontes River in Apamea around the year 938 A.D., which led to the transfer of the Maronite patriarchal residence to Mount-Lebanon. |
| 938 AD - Second major migration of Maronites to Cyprus - followed the destruction of Saint Maron's Monastery on the Orontes River in Apamea. [[Maronites in Cyprus]] |
| 1099 AD - The First Crusade (1095-99) captures Jerusalem; the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem begins. |
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| Roman Period |
| 1000 AD - 1100 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 1098 AD - Antioch was taken from the Seljuk Turks by the Crusaders a nine months' siege, and for nearly two centuries it remained a Christian principality. |
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| Roman Period |
| 1100 AD - 1200 AD |
| Maronite History |
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1167 AD - William of Tyre was appointed archdeaconof Tyre.
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1268 AD - Antioch fell again to the Muslims, after great fighting that
caused much destruction and slaughter. This last blow destroyed ancient Antioch. Little remains of the old city
except a few ruins of great aqueducts and parts of the walls.
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| 1187 AD - Saladin recaptured Jerusalem. Saladin was neither an Arab nor a Turk. He was Kurdish. |
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| Roman Period |
| 1200 AD - 1300 AD |
| Early Latinization |
 12th Century - the Maronites began to use bells
in Lebanon. |
| 12th century - The third Maronite migration to Cyprus occurred upon the purchase of Cyprus by Guy de Lusignan towards the end of the twelfth century (Cirilli 1898: 6). [[Maronites in Cyprus]] |
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The Defeat of the crusades
The Crusader in retreat find refuge among the Maronites.
While the Franks tried to hold the line there, they were defeated by the Sultan's troops.
1267 AD - upper Lebanon was destroyed. Many captives were behaded, trees were cut adn the churches were destroyed.
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| 1298 AD - 1291 AD the whole of the Lebanese coast fell to the invaders. |
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| Crusade Period |
| 1300 AD - 1400 AD |
| History of the Maronites |
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13th century - At the end of the thirteenth century with the defeat of the Crusaders in Tripoli and the Holy Land, the fourth Maronite migration to Cyprus occurred.
[[Maronites in Cyprus]]
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| Roman Period |
| 1400 AD - 1500 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 1453 AD - The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople and the last of the imperial lands; in 1930, Constantinople is renamed Istanbul (in Turkish, "the city"). |
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| Roman Period |
| 1500 AD - 1600 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 1600 AD/End - Maronite Society at the End of the XVI Century (By Abbot Paul Naaman) |
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| Roman Period |
| 1600 AD - 1700 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 1606 AD - patriarch Joseph II Risius introduced the Gregorian Calendar. |
| 1695 AD - Lebanese Maronite Order (LMO) was founded. |
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| Roman Period |
| 1700 AD - 1800 AD |
| Maronite History |
8 May, 1828 - Mar Charbel was born.
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29 June, 1832 - Saint Rafqa was born.
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24 December, 1898 - Father Charbel, the Hermit, died.
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 28 April, 1796 - Patriarch Yousif Tyan Beirut(1796-1808) |
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| Roman Period |
| 1800 AD - 1900 AD |
| Maronite History |
| 1840 - 1860 AD (Massacres) civil war between the Maronites and the Druze erupted. |
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23 October, 1914 - Sister Rafqa died.
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 1808 AD - Patriarch Youhanna El-Helou Ghosta (1808-1823) |
 1823 AD - Patriarch Youssef Hobeiche Sahel Alma (1823-1845) |
 1845 AD - Patriarch Yusif Al-Khazen Sahel Alma (1845-1854) |
 1854 AD - Patriarch Boulos Mass'ad Achkout (1854-1890) |
 1890 AD - Patriarch Youhanna El-Haj Dlebta (1890-1898) |
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| Roman Period |
| 1900 AD - 2000 AD |
| Maronite History |
 1898 - Patriarch Elias Hoyek Helta (1898-1931) |
 1931 - Patriarch Antoun Arida Becharre (1932-1955) |
 26 Nov, 1941 - Lebanon's independence was proclaimed. |
 1955- Patriarch Boulos Meouchi Jezzine (1955-1975) |
 1975 - Patriarch Antonio Khreich Ain Ebl (1975 -1986) |
| 1976 - Syria enters Lebanon to stop the fighting with the blessing of the Arab League and fearing Israeli intervention. |
10 Nov, 1947 - 14 Sep, 1982
Bashir Gemayel.
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